Aristotle: From Logic to Life

In lecture two, we explore Aristotle’s groundbreaking work in logic, focusing on the Organon, which formalized human reasoning and shaped logical thought for over two millennia. We examine the laws of thought, syllogistic reasoning, and the distinction between validity and soundness. Dr. Orr concludes by introducing his four causes and his theory of change as the movement from potentiality to actuality, linking logic to natural philosophy and metaphysics.

In lecture three, we turn to Aristotle’s metaphysics, focusing on “being as being” and the question of why anything exists at all. We explore his theory of substance as form–matter composites, his concept of the unmoved mover as pure actuality, and how this connects to his ethics, where contemplation is the highest human activity. The lecture concludes with his psychology in De Anima, where the soul is the organizing principle of living beings, and humans uniquely possess a rational soul that enables both practical and theoretical reason.

In lecture four, we study Aristotle's ethics, focusing on his concept of eudaimonia (human flourishing) as the highest good, achieved through the activity of the soul in accordance with reason and virtue. We examine his doctrine of the mean, where virtues represent a balance between extremes, his emphasis on character formation through habituation, and the central importance of friendship in the good life. The lecture also addresses contemporary situationist critiques of virtue ethics, which challenge the stability of character traits, while defending Aristotle's view that moral excellence develops over time through practice and exemplary models.

In lecture five, we investigate Aristotle’s Politics, focusing on his view that humans are “political animals” who achieve flourishing within a political community. He traces the natural development from household to village to the polis and argues that the city-state enables the good life. Dr. Orr also examines his sixfold classification of constitutions and his claim that a balanced polity—blending oligarchic and democratic elements and supported by public education—offers the most stable and practical form of government.

In lecture six, we consider Aristotle’s Poetics, focusing on his theory of mimesis (artistic representation) and his defense of poetry—especially tragedy—against Plato’s claim that poets should be excluded from the ideal city. Aristotle argues that poetry does more than imitate appearances; it reveals universal patterns of human action, making it “more philosophical than history” because it shows what could happen according to probability and necessity. The lecture concludes with his definition of tragedy and the concept of catharsis, highlighting how tragic drama educates the emotions and contributes to moral and civic formation.

In lecture seven, we witness Aristotle’s enduring impact on Western thought, tracing how his works were lost to Europe for centuries before their dramatic rediscovery through Arabic translations in medieval Spain and Byzantium—transforming universities and intellectual life. We explore the tensions between Aristotelian philosophy and Abrahamic monotheism, particularly over the eternity of the universe and the soul’s immortality, and how thinkers like Thomas Aquinas sought reconciliation. The lecture concludes by noting Aristotle’s decline during the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment, followed by his significant revival in contemporary ethics and metaphysics.

In our eighth and final lecture, we explore Aristotle’s powerful influence on 20th- and 21st-century philosophy, highlighting his “revenge” against logical positivism, which confined meaning to analytic and empirical claims. We examine how Elizabeth Anscombe, Philippa Foot, and Alasdair Mactyre revived virtue ethics by returning to human flourishing, character, and practical wisdom, and how Saul Kripke’s work on necessity and essence reopened metaphysics to Aristotelian ideas about substance and natural kinds. Dr. Orr closes by reflecting on Aristotle’s undeniable and enduring relevance as a living guide for contemporary philosophy.